BBC Learning English 6 Minute English Sighing. In this programme, Dan and Catherine discuss sighing, and learn how it is in fact a vital human activity that keeps us healthy and teach you six items of vocabulary. This weeks question How many times do mice sigh in an hour, on average Twiceb 1. Difficulties In Learning English Vocabulary Pdf' title='Difficulties In Learning English Vocabulary Pdf' />Listen to the programme to find out the answer. Vocabularysurvival mechanismsomething that your body does without thinking to keep you aliveto resetto make something work again by going back to original settingsreflexa physical action you cant controlto breathe a sigh of reliefto feel better after worrying about somethingfrustrationthe feeling of being annoyed because you cant do somethingresignationthe feeling of accepting something bad that you cannot change. Transcript. Note This is not a word for word transcript. Dan. Hello and welcome to 6 Minute English the programme where we bring you an interesting topic and six items of vocabulary. Im Dan. And today were talking about. Catherine. Sighing. Im Catherine. Dan. Now was that a real sigh or just one to demonstrate the meaning Catherine. That one was just for educational purposes, of course, Dan. Dan. Well be looking at why we sigh, and learn how sighing keeps us alive Catherine. Yes, very interesting. And its not just humans that sigh, is it, Dan Dan. Indeed, most mammals sigh. And that brings me to todays question. How many times does a mouse sigh in an hour, on average Is it a    Twiceb    1. Catherine. Im going to say the poor little thing will sigh about 4. Dan. OK. Lets find out if youre right later on in the programme. Now, what is a sigh, exactly Catherine. Lets hear from Dr Lynne Barker, a cognitive neuroscientist from Sheffield Hallam University in the UK. INSERT Dr Lynne Barker, Cognitive Neuroscientist, Sheffield Hallam University. Bored Youre not alone. Rob and Finn discuss how to deal with boredom and teach some related vocabulary. We promise you wont be bored. Learning basic English, learning English lessons, Grammar, Vocabulary, Exercises, Learn English free online. Books, basic English lessons. English free online. English Language Learners with Learning Disabilities. Featuring bilingual speechlanguage pathologist Dr. Elsa CrdenasHagan. This webcast discusses effective. Phonemic Awareness and English Language Learners. Phonemic awareness is one of the best predictors of how well children will learn to read during the first two years. BBC Learning English Talk about English July 4, 2005 About this script Please note that this is not a word for word transcript of the programme as broadcast. Its a typically cardio respiratory kind of resetting mechanism, and most mammals will engage in sighing of some kind. Because people who dont sigh would eventually die. It is a survival mechanism. Catherine. So sighing keeps us alive. Dan. Dr Barker called it a survival mechanism. Difficulties In Learning English Vocabulary Pdf' title='Difficulties In Learning English Vocabulary Pdf' />To survive means to continue living, especially in difficult circumstances. A mechanism, here, means a system of behaviour. Catherine. So, a survival mechanism is something the body does automatically in order to survive. SAT preparation that can be viewed online or downloaded for free. MP3 audio version also free. But, Dan, why is sighing a survival mechanism Dan. Its because sighing can reset the lungs. To reset is to return something to its original settings. We often use this verb when talking about technology. You can reset a computer or a phone. Catherine. OK, thats fine. But how does a sigh reset the lungs Dan. Well, scientists from UCLA, thats the University of California, Los Angeles, found that a sigh is a special kind of very deep breath that keeps the tiny sacs of air in our lungs, called alveoli, working properly. Catherine. And without sighing, these alveoli would collapse and we would die. We need the alveoli to transfer oxygen from our lungs to our blood. Dan. Thankfully, we dont have to think about this need to reset our lungs. Sighing is in fact a reflex. Catherine. Boo Dan. Argh Catherine. There you jumpedAnd that was a fabulous reflex, Dan Its something our bodies do without thinking, something you do unconsciously or automatically. Dan. I meant argh like a man. Thank you for that, Catherine. Catherine. Youre welcome. Dan. Do you sigh a lot Catherine. Well, I sigh when Im tired, and I sigh when Im relieved. I breathe a sigh of relief. Dan. To breathe a sigh of relief thats a great expression. It means what you think it means to sigh when you feel good that something bad has not happened but its often used metaphorically. It relates more to the feeling of relief than the act of sighing. Catherine. Thats right. Now, I breathed a sigh of relief when I found my mobile phone the other day. I thought Id lost it. It was new. I was so pleased when I found itWhat about you, Dan Dan. I tend to sigh to show frustration. And sometimes resignation. Catherine. Now, frustration is what we feel when things arent going well, when things are annoying us and they dont work. When things are frustrating. Dan. And resignation is what we feel when we finally accept that something bad has happened, that we cant change. We feel resigned to something. Catherine. So, relief, resignation, frustration, resetting our lungs. Fl Studio 9 Free Download Full Version Keygen. It sounds like we humans never stop sighingDan. Well, actually, we humans sigh on average 1. But what about miceCatherine. Well, I said, I reckon they sigh about 4. Dan. Well, in fact, it is 4. The hearts of mice beat faster so they need to regulate their lungs more than humans. Catherine. Lets review todays vocabulary. Dan. We had the phrase survival mechanism. Something we do without thinking that keeps us alive. Catherine. We often use this phrase, and the related phrase defence mechanism, when talking about what people do to cope with difficulties in life. Dan. Next, we had reset. You can reset a computer, or a machine to make it work again. This usually means switching it off and on again. Catherine. And you can reset a password this is a little bit different. It means to set or choose a new password. Dan. We also had the word reflex. This is a physical action or reaction that you cant control. For example Catherine Catherine. Yes Dan. There, you closed your eyes. Another reflex. Catherine. And we had tobreathe a sigh to relief. Which means to feel better after something bad doesnt happen. I breathed a sigh of relief when my friend recovered from her illness. Dan. But we sigh for other reasons too. Two useful sighing words were frustration and resignation. Catherine. Frustration is the state of being frustrated. We can say something is frustrating. Its frustrating when the boss doesnt listen to me. Dan. But lets say you move beyond feeling frustrated and start feeling resigned. Catherine. Yeah, and that would be when I finally accept the boss will never listen to me. And thats when Ill resign Dan. To resign also means to voluntarily leave a job Please, Catherine, tell me thats just another vocabulary exampleCatherine. Of course it is, Dan. I love my job I only ever sigh, what, 1. Dan. Which is perfectly average. And thats it for todays 6 Minute English. Please join us again soon. Catherine. And we are on social media too. Make sure to find us on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and You. Vocabulary WikipediaVocab redirects here. For the song by Fugees, see Vocab song. A vocabulary is a set of familiar words within a persons language. A vocabulary, usually developed with age, serves as a useful and fundamental tool for communication and acquiring knowledge. Acquiring an extensive vocabulary is one of the largest challenges in learning a second language. Definition and usageeditVocabulary is commonly defined as all the words known and used by a particular person. Knowing a word, however, is not as simple as merely being able to recognize or use it. There are several aspects of word knowledge that are used to measure word knowledge. Productive and receptive knowledgeeditThe first major distinction that must be made when evaluating word knowledge is whether the knowledge is productive also called achieve or receptive also called receive even within those opposing categories, there is often no clear distinction. Words that are generally understood when heard or read or seen constitute a persons receptive vocabulary. These words may range from well known to barely known see degree of knowledge below. A persons receptive vocabulary is the larger of the two. For example, although a young child may not yet be able to speak, write, or sign, he or she may be able to follow simple commands and appear to understand a good portion of the language to which he or she is exposed. In this case, the childs receptive vocabulary is likely tens, if not hundreds of words, but his or her active vocabulary is zero. When that child learns to speak or sign, however, the childs active vocabulary begins to increase. It is also possible for the productive vocabulary to be larger than the receptive vocabulary, for example in a second language learner who has learned words through study rather than exposure, and can produce them, but has difficulty recognizing them in conversation. Productive vocabulary, therefore, generally refers to words that can be produced within an appropriate context and match the intended meaning of the speaker or signer. As with receptive vocabulary, however, there are many degrees at which a particular word may be considered part of an active vocabulary. Knowing how to pronounce, sign, or write a word does not necessarily mean that the word that has been used correctly or accurately reflects the intended message but it does reflect a minimal amount of productive knowledge. Degree of knowledgeeditWithin the receptiveproductive distinction lies a range of abilities that are often referred to as degree of knowledge. This simply indicates that a word gradually enters a persons vocabulary over a period of time as more aspects of word knowledge are learnt. Roughly, these stages could be described as Never encountered the word. Heard the word, but cannot define it. Recognize the word due to context or tone of voice. Able to use the word and understand the general andor intended meaning, but cannot clearly explain it. Fluent with the word its use and definition. Depth of knowledgeeditThe differing degrees of word knowledge imply a greater depth of knowledge, but the process is more complex than that. There are many facets to knowing a word, some of which are not hierarchical so their acquisition does not necessarily follow a linear progression suggested by degree of knowledge. Several frameworks of word knowledge have been proposed to better operationalise this concept. One such framework includes nine facets orthography written formphonology spoken formreference meaningsemantics concept and referenceregister appropriacy of usecollocation lexical neighboursword associationssyntax grammatical functionmorphology word parts. Definition of wordeditWords can be defined in various ways, and estimates of vocabulary size differ depending on the definition used. The most common definition is that of a lemma the uninflected or dictionary form this includes walk, but not walks, walked or walking. Most of the time lemmas do not include proper nouns names of people, places, companies,. Another definition often used in research of vocabulary size is that of word family. These are all the words that can be derived from a ground word e. Estimates of vocabulary size range from as high as 2. Types of vocabularyeditListed in order of most ample to most limited 34Reading vocabularyeditA literate persons vocabulary is all the words he or she can recognize when reading. This is generally the largest type of vocabulary simply because a reader tends to be exposed to more words by reading than by listening. Listening vocabularyeditA persons listening vocabulary is all the words he or she can recognize when listening to speech. People may still understand words they were not exposed to before using cues such as tone, gestures, the topic of discussion and the social context of the conversation. Speaking vocabularyeditA persons speaking vocabulary is all the words he or she uses in speech. It is likely to be a subset of the listening vocabulary. Due to the spontaneous nature of speech, words are often misused. This misuse  though slight and unintentional  may be compensated by facial expressions, tone of voice. Writing vocabularyeditWords are used in various forms of writing from formal essays to social media feeds. Many written words do not commonly appear in speech. Writers generally use a limited set of words when communicating for exampleif there are a number of synonyms, a writer will have hisfown preference as to which of them to use. Focal vocabularyeditFocal vocabulary is a specialized set of terms and distinctions that is particularly important to a certain group those with a particular focus of experience or activity. A lexicon, or vocabulary, is a languages dictionary its set of names for things, events, and ideas. Some linguists believe that lexicon influences peoples perception of things, the SapirWhorf hypothesis. For example, the Nuer of Sudan have an elaborate vocabulary to describe cattle. The Nuer have dozens of names for cattle because of the cattles particular histories, economies, and environmentsclarification needed. This kind of comparison has elicited some linguistic controversy, as with the number of Eskimo words for snow. English speakers with relevant specialised knowledge can also display elaborate and precise vocabularies for snow and cattle when the need arises. Vocabulary growtheditDuring its infancy, a child instinctively builds a vocabulary. Infants imitate words that they hear and then associate those words with objects and actions. This is the listening vocabulary. The speaking vocabulary follows, as a childs thoughts become more reliant on hisher ability to self express without relying on gestures or babbling. Once the reading and writing vocabularies start to develop, through questions and education, the child starts to discover the anomalies and irregularities of language. In first grade, a child who can read learns about twice as many words as one who cannot. Generally, this gap does not narrow later. This results in a wide range of vocabulary by age five or six, when an English speaking child will have learned about 1. Vocabulary grows throughout our entire life. Between the ages of 2. An average 2. 0 year old knows 4. People expand their vocabularies by e.